Which of the following is a type of warrantless search?

A pat frisk is a type of warrantless search that involves a limited search of a person’s outer clothing to ensure they are not carrying any weapons. This type of search is permissible under the legal doctrine established in Terry v. Ohio, which allows law enforcement officers to perform a stop and frisk when they have reasonable suspicion that a person is armed and dangerous. The primary purpose of the pat frisk is for officer safety, and it is not a full search of the person.

In contrast, judicial warrants, search warrants, and arrest warrants all require prior judicial authorization, which means they do not fall under the category of warrantless searches. Judicial warrants are issued by a judge based on probable cause for a specific investigation. Search warrants grant law enforcement the authority to search specific premises or individuals for evidence of a crime. Arrest warrants allow law enforcement to take a person into custody based on probable cause that the individual has committed a crime. These processes are designed to protect individuals' rights against unreasonable searches and seizures.